Voltage-Controlled Oscillators (VCOs) are crucial in Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs), providing variable frequency outputs that match a reference signal’s phase and frequency. Common types include LC oscillators for good phase noise performance, crystal oscillators for extreme stability, ring oscillators ... read more

The Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) concept emerged early on to address synchronization issues with radio communication signals and has evolved over time. Initially, it relied on passive loop filters, followed by active loop filters. Key frequency control components have continuously improved. Design encomp... read more